Pages: 18-34

Abstract

The primary goal of this narrative review is to analyze the more modern developments in incorporating metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) into prosthodontic materials to compare them with older research, especially in regard to Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA). Focus was placed on silver (AgNPs), gold (AuNPs), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), and copper oxide (CuO)NPs. Within the studies, a systematic comparison of their particle size, concentration, performance metrics, and clinical relevance was conducted. A thorough review of existing literature, both contemporary and historical, was done to build a comprehensive understanding of the subject. At optimum doses of 0.5-4wt%, 15-70nm, silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles demonstrated the greatest surface reinforcement and antimicrobial activity. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) showed the highest biocompatibility with weak mechanical and antimicrobial enhancements. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) has moderate light-activated antimicrobial activity. It hardens PMMA surfaces, while CuO has strong antimicrobial activity but is very cytotoxic when dosed too high. The application of metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles holds great promise for enhancing the function and durability of prosthodontic materials. However, there are still difficulties, such as methodological variability, sparse clinical evidence, aesthetic concerns, and cytotoxicity at elevated concentrations. Further investigations are needed to achieve standardization, extensive clinical studies, and the use of multi-NP composites to improve results.

Keywords: Metallic Nano particles, Dental biomaterials, Prosthodontics, Dental prosthesis

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